Hence, a research question accrues as to why BDS is less than that of FDS.
BACKWARD DIGIT SPAN E PRIME PLUS
Miller (1956) demonstrated in his famous article, one of the most highly cited papers in psychology titled "The magical number seven plus minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information" that humans' short-term memory was limited to retain the number of seven plus minus. It also affects the parietal cortex that shrinks the visuomotor performances and the medial temporal area responsible for making new long-term memory and flexible thinking (online source: APA). More importantly, insufficient blood flow in brain may affect the proper executive functioning and planning and organizing abilities. Consequently, people find difficulty to remember words they want. With advancing ages, brain particularly frontal cortex faces lower blood flow that prevents it from retaining efficiency to involve different areas in to operation. Neurons (nerve cells) and cortex contribute to these changes by shrinking themselves that limits an ability to communicate among neurons called dendritic loss. But subtle changes particularly in remembering some events or doing more than one tasks at a time starts to emerge in human life after 40's. The brain functions become highly operation in 20's of human life. In addition, there is physiological basis of age-related declining. This alternative assumption might account for the findings presented in this study. The higher the age the lower capacity humans will store the information in the central executive, thus, causing inefficiency of recalling. It is noticeable that the capacity to store the amount of information in the central executive area of the working memory varies with increasing ages. These findings conform to the clinical perspective that BDS was largely affected by ageing (Lezak, 1995). Babcock and Salthouse studies (1990) provided more particular evidences on age-related decrease in forward digit span (FDS) and backward digit span by revealing that 14% age-related decrease was observed in BDS whereas, 8% in FDS. These evidences of the effect of the ages on BDS were supported by some previous studies (e.g., Babcock & Salthouse, 1990 Gregoire & Van der Linden, 1997) who reported age-related decline in BDS. (2004) analyzed the forward and backward span in a large number of participants (n=1030) aged 16-89 based on the standardization data compiled by the psychological corporation for the publication of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition (WAIS-3 and WMS-3 Wechsler, 1997) and found agerelated decline in the central executive functions, most important component of working memory and responsible for playing a vital role in the accomplishments of span tasks, particularly in backward digit span. Mean of the backward digit span (BDS) across age group Hester et al.
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